Методы анализа биологического родства в ископаемых популяциях

Аннотация

Введение. Определение родственных связей по скелетным останкам – одна из многих задач биоархеологических исследований. Статья посвящена обзору методов анализа биологического родства в ископаемых популяциях на основе неметрических признаков.

Методы. Поскольку прямой молекулярно-генетический анализ родства зачастую затруднен из-за плохой сохранности древней ДНК, особое внимание в таких исследованиях уделяется неметрическим фенотипическим признакам.

Результаты. Анализы, проведенные с использованием документально подтвержденных остеологических образцов, демонстрируют связь морфологического сходства особей с их биологическим родством. В случаях, когда родословные остеологических материалов полностью или частично известны, фенотипические данные могут эффективно использоваться вместо генетических.

Обсуждение. Методология анализа родства зависит от пространственной структуры исследуемого кладбища. При анализе небольших могильников цель состоит в определении степени родства захороненных. Используются различные методы для определения вероятности родства, включая кластерный анализ и коэффициенты корреляции. Особенно перспективно выявление родственных связей в могильниках, где имеются археологические или исторические данные о биологических отношениях. Анализ родства в пространственно структурированных кладбищах направлен на выявление семей или социальных групп. Анализ однородно распределенных кладбищ направлен на идентификацию тесно связанных лиц в крупных захоронениях без ясно выраженных подгрупп. Применяются методы анализа пространственной корреляции для проверки значимой связи между матрицами пространственных и фенотипических расстояний; различные методы подсчета для проверки неслучайности кластеризации признаков; метод ближайшего соседа и непространственная процедура поиска блоков, которая одновременно идентифицирует предполагаемых родственников и признаки, указывающие на степень их родства.

Заключение. Многие проблемы в установлении родства можно преодолеть при наличии скелетного материала с подтвержденными генеалогическими данными. Однако скелетные останки с сохранившейся документацией встречаются довольно редко, поэтому возможности изучения наследуемости неметрических признаков и морфологического сходства биологически родственных особей остаются весьма ограниченными.

Литература

Adachi N., Dodo Y., Ohshima N., Doi N., Yoneda M., Matsumara H. Morphologic and genetic evidence for the kinship of juvenile skeletal specimens from a 2,000-year-old double burial of the Usu-Moshiri site, Hokkaido, Japan. Anthropol. Sci., 2003, 111, pp. 347-363. DOI: 10.1537/ase.111.347.

Alt K.W. Zur problematic odontologischer Verwandtschaft- sanalysen in der prahistorischen Anthropologie am Beispiel der Aplasie/Hypodontie. Z. Morph. Anthrop., 1989, 78, pp. 43-71.

Alt K.W. Verwandtschaftanalyse an Skelettmaterial. Meth- odenentwicklung auf der Basis odontologischer Merkmale. Freiburg: Habil Schrift, 1991.

Alt K.W. Odontologische Verwandtschaftsanalyse. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1997.

Alt K.W., Vach W. The reconstruction of ‘‘genetic kinship’’ in prehistoric burial complexes-problems and statistics. In Bock H-H., Ihm P., editors. Classification, data analysis, and knowledge organization. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp. 299-310.

Alt K.W., Vach W. Non-spatial analysis of ‘‘genetic kinship’’ in skeletal remains. In Schader M., editor. Analysis and modeling data and knowledge. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp. 247-256.

Alt K.W., Vach W., Pichler S. Familienanalyse an kaiserzeitlichen Skelettresten aus einer Villa rustica bei Regensburg-Harting. Bayer. Vorgeschbl., 57, 1992, pp. 261–276.

Alt K.W., Vach W. Odontologic kinship analysis in skeletal remains: Concepts, methods, and results. Forensic Sci. Int., 1995a, 74, pp. 99-113. DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(95)01740-a.

Alt K.W., Vach W. Detection of kinship structures in skeletal remains. In Jacob B., Bonte W., editors. Advances in forensic sciences, Vol. 7. Forensic odontology and anthropology. Berlin: Koster, 1995b, pp. 27-34.

Alt K.W., Vach W., Frifelt K., Kunter M. Familienanalyse in kupferzeitlichen Kollektivgrabern aus Umm an-Nar; Abu Dhabi. Arab Arch. Epig., 1995с, 6, pp. 65-80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0471.1995.tb00077.x.

Alt K.W., Pichler S., Vach W., Huckenbeck W., Stloukal M. Early Bronze Age family burial from Velke Pavlovice. Verification of kinship hypothesis by odontologic and other nonmetric traits. Homo, 1996, 46, pp.256-266.

Alt K.W., Pichler S., Vach W., Klima B., Vlcek E., Sedlmeier J. Twenty-five-thousand-year-old triple burial from Dolni Vcstonicv: an Ice-Age Family? Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1997, 102, pp.123-131.DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199701)102:1<123::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-2.

Alt K.W., Vach W. Kinship studies in skeletal remains — Concepts and examples. In Alt K.W., Rösing F.W., Teschler- Nicola M., editors. Dental anthropology: Fundamentals, limits, and prospects. Wien: Springer, 1998, pp. 537-554.

Bartel B. A discriminant analysis of Harappan civilization human populations. J. Archaeol. Sci., 1979, 6. pp. 49-61.

Bartel B. Collective burial and social organization: A multivariate analysis of human population from early Bronze Age Western Turkey. J. Med. Anthropol. Archaeol., 1981, 1, pp. 3-21.

Bentley G.R. Dental morphology and social reconstruction at Early Bronze Age Bab edh-Dhra’, Jordan. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1986, 69, pp. 175.

Berry A.C. Factors affecting the incidence of non-metrical skeletal variants. Journal of Anatomy, 1975, 120 (3), pp. 519-535.

Berry A.C. Anthropological and family studies on minor variants of the dental crown. In ButlerP.M. , Joysey K.A. (Eds.), Development, function, and evolution of teeth New York: Academic Press, 1976, pp. 81-98.

Biggerstaff R.H. The biology of dental genetics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1979, 22, pp. 215–227.

Birkby W.H. Biosocial interpretations from cranial nonmetric traits of Grasshopper Pueblo skeletal remains. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, 1982, 40, pp. 36-41.

Byrd J.E., Jantz R.L. Osteological evidence for distinct social groups at the Leavenworth site. In Owsley D.H., Jantz R.L., editors. Skeletal biology in the Great Plains. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994, pp. 203-208.

Carson E.A. Maximum likelihood variance components analysis of heritabilities of cranial nonmetric traits. Human Biology, 2006, 78 (4), pp. 383-402. DOI: 10.1353/hub.2006.0054.

Case D.T. Who’s related to whom? Skeletal kinship analysis in Medieval Danish cemeteries. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, 2003.

Case D.T., Jones L.B., Offenbecker A.M. Skeletal kinship analysis using developmental anomalies of the foot. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2016, 27 (2), pp. 192-205. DOI: 10.1002/oa.2529.

Cesnys G., Tutkuviene J. Topographical approach to kinship assessment within population according to discrete cranial traits: The 5th - 6th cc. Plinkaigalis cemetery. Acta Medica Lituanica, 2007, 14 (1), pp. 7-16.

Corruccini R.S. On Hawikku cemetery kin groups. Am. Antiq., 1998, 63, pp. 161-163.

Corruccini R.S., Handler J.S., Mutaw R.J., Lange F.W. Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1982, 59, pp. 443-459.

Corruccini R.S., Shimada I. Dental relatedness corresponding to mortuary patterning at Huaca Loro, Peru. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2002, 117, pp. 113-121. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10020.

Corruccini R.S., Shimada I., Shinoda K. Dental and mtDNA relatedness among thousand-year-old remains from Huaca Loro, Peru. Dent. Anthropol., 2002, 16, pp. 9-14.

Cvrček J., Velemínský P., Dupej J., Vostry L., Bruzek J. Kinship and morphological similarity in the skeletal remains of individuals with known genealogical data (Bohemia, 19th to 20th centuries): A new methodological approach. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2018, 167 (3), pp. 541-556. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23683.

Drozdova E. Dietrichsteinove z Mikulova. Vysledky antropologickeho vyzkumu vybranych pnslusrnku rodu. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita, 2006.

Falconer D.S., Mackay T.F.C. Introduction into Quantitative genetics (4th ed.). Harlow: Longman House, 1996.

Gavrus-Ion A., Sjøvold T., Hernandez M., Gonzalez-Jose R., Torne, M.E.E. et al. Measuring fitness heritability: Life history traits versus morphological traits in humans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2017, 164 (2), pp. 321-330. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.2327.  

Hartigan J. A., Wong M.A. A K-means clustering algorithm. Applied Statistics, 1979, 28, pp. 100-108.

Heinrich W., Teschler-Nicola M. Zur anthropologie des Graberfeldes von Gemeinlebarn, Niederosterreich. In Neugebauer, J.W. (Ed.), Die Nekropole F von Gemeinlebarn, Niederosterreich. Romisch-Germanische Forschungen, Band 49. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein, 1991, pp. 222-262.

Howell T.L., Kintigh K.W. Archaeological identification of kin groups using mortuary and biological data: An example from the American Southwest. Am. Antiq., 1996, 61, pp. 537-554.

Johnson A.L, Lovell N.C. Biological differentiation at Predynastic Naqada, Egypt: An analysis of dental morphological traits. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1994, 93 (4), pp. 427–433.

Kelley J.O. Identification of family groups from genetic anomalies in the first Baptist church cemetery. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1989, 78 (2), pp. 251-252.

Lane R.A. The genetic meaning of a distance measure based on non-metric skeletal variants. American Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1976, 44 (1), pp. 190-191.

Manly B.F.J. Randomization, bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology, 2nd ed. London: Chapman and Hall, 1998.

McClelland J.A. Refining the resolution of biological distance studies based on the analysis of dental morphology: Detecting subpopulations at Grasshopper Pueblo. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2003.

Mead R. A test for spatial pattern at several scales using data from a grid of contiguous quadrats. Biometrics, 1974, 30, pp. 295-307.

Meyer C., Ganslmeier R., Dresely V., Alt K.W. New approaches to the reconstruction of kinship and social structure based on bioarchaeological analysis of Neolithic multiple and collective graves. In Kolar J., Trampota F. (Eds.), Theoretical and methodological considerations in Central European Neolithic archaeology Oxford: BAR International Series 2325, 2012, pp. 11-23.

Molleson T., Cox M., Waldron A. H. & Whittaker D. K. The Spital- fields project, 2. The anthropology, York: Council for British Archaeology, 1993.

Molleson T. Rates of ageing in the eighteenth century. In Saunders, S.R., Herring, A. (Eds.), Grave Reflections. Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies. Canadian Scholars Press, Toronto, 1995, pp. 199-222.

Pietrusewsky M., Douglas M.T. The skeletal biology of an historic Hawaiian cemetery: Familial relationships. Homo, 1992, 43 (3), pp. 245–262.

Prowse T. L., Lovell N. C. Concordance of cranial and dental morphological traits and evidence for endogamy in ancient Egypt. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1996, 101 (2), pp. 237-246. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199610)101:2<237::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Z.

Ricaut F.X., Auriol V., von Cramon-Taubadel N., Keyser C., Murail P. et al. Comparison between morphological and genetic data to estimate biological relationship: The case of the Egyin Gol necropolis (Mongolia). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2010, 143, pp. 355-364. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21322.

Ritschmeier J.T., Cheverud J. M., Buikstra J. E. The relationship between cranial metric and nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1984, 64 (3), pp. 213-222.

Rösing F.W. Discreta des menschlichen Skeletts-ein kritischer UJberlick. Homo, 1982, 33, pp. 100-125.

Rösing F.W. Kith or kin? On the feasibility of kinship reconstruction in skeletons. In David A.R., editor. Science in Egyptology. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986, pp. 223–237.

Rösing F.W. Quebbet el Hawa und Elephantine Zur Bevölkerungsgeschichte von Ägypten. Familienstruktur. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1990.

Rösing F.W. The forensic relevance of skeletal biology: Taxonomy of individuals and kinship reconstruction. Advances in forensic sciences,1995, 7, pp. 1-21.

Rubini M. Biological homogeneity and familial segregation in the Iron Age population of Alfedena (Abruzzo, Italy), based on cranial discrete traits analysis. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol., 1996, 6, pp. 454¬462.

Saunders S.R., Herring D.A., Sawchuk L.A., Boyce G. The nineteenth-century cemetery at St. Thomas Anglican Church, Belleville: skeletal remains, Parish records and censuses. In Saunders, S.R., Herring, A. (Eds.), Grave Reflections: Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies. Canadian Scholars Press, Toronto, 1995, pp. 93-111.

Schuer J.L., Bowman, J.E. Corellation of documentary and skeletal evidence in the St. Bride0s crypt population. In Saunders, S.R., Herring, A. (Eds.), Grave Reflections: Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies. Canadian Scholars Press, Toronto, 1995, pp. 49-70.

Scott G.R., Turner C.G. The anthropology of modern human teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Scott G.R., Irish J.D. Human tooth crown and root morphology: The Arizona State University Dental System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. DOI: 10.1017/9781316156629.

Shepherd F. J. Symmetrical depressions on the exterior surface of the parietal bones (with notes of three cases). Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1893, 27 (4), pp. 501-504.

Shimada I., Shinoda K., Farnum J., Corruccini R., Watanabe H. An integrated analysis of pre-Hispanic mortuary practices: A Middle Sican case study. Curr. Anthropol., 2004, 45, pp. 369-402. DOI: 10.1086/382249.

Sjøvold T. A method for familial studies based on minor skeletal variants. Ossa, 1976/77, 3/4, pp. 97-107.

Sjøvold T. A report on the heritability of some cranial measurements and non-metric traits. In van Vark, G.N., Howells, W.W. (Eds.), Multivariate Statistical Methods in Physical Anthropology. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1984, pp. 223-246.

Sjøvold T. Infrapopulation distances and genetics of non-metrical traits. In: Herrmann, B. (Ed.), Innovative Trends in der Prahistorischen Anthropologie. Mitt. Bln. Ges. Anthrop. Ethnol. Urgesch., 1986, 7, pp. 81-93.

Solari A., Antunes-Ferreira N., Pessis A.M., Martin G., Scott G.R. Kinship analysis using rare nonmetric dental traits in a prehistoric cemetery from Northeastern Brazil. Bull. Int. Assoc. Paleodont., 2022, 16 (2), рр. 276–283.

Spence M.W. Nonmetric trait distribution and the expression of familial relationships in a nineteenth century cemetery. Northeast Anthropology, 1996, 52, pp. 53-67.

Stojanowski C.M. Cemetery structure, population aggregation, and phenotypic variability in the mission centers of La Florida. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2001.

Stojanowski C.M. Differential phenotypic variability among the Apalachee populations of La Florida: A diachronic perspective. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2003a, 120, pp. 352-363. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10157.

Stojanowski C.M. Matrix decomposition model for investigating prehistoric intracemetery biological variation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2003b, 122, pp. 216-231. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10221.

Stojanowski C. M., Schillaci M. A. Phenotypic approaches for understanding patterns of intracemetery biological variation. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 2006, 49, pp. 49-88. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20517.

Stone A.C., Stoneking M. Ancient DNA from a pre-Columbian Amerindian population. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1993, 92, pp. 463-471. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330920405.

Stone A.C. Genetic and mortuary analysis of a prehistoric Native American community. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 1996.

Strouhal E., Jungwirth J. Paleogenetics of the Late Roman- Early Byzantine cemeteries at Sayala, Egyptian Nubia. J. Hum. Evol., 1979, 8, pp. 699-703.

Symmers W.S.C. A skull with enormous parietal foramina. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1895, 29 (2), pp. 329-330.

Townsend G.C., Richards L.C., Brown T., Burgess V.B., Travan G.R., Rogers J.R. Genetic studies of dental morphology in south Australian twins. In Smith P., Tchernov E. (Eds.), Structure, function, and evolution of teeth. London: Freund Publishing House Ltd, 1992, pp. 501-518.

Ullrich H. Interpretation morphologisch-metrischer Ahn- lichkeiten an ur- und fruhgeschichtlichen Skeletten in ver- wandtschaftlicher Hinsicht. Z. Archaol., 1969a, 3, pp. 48-88.

Ullrich H. Verwandtschaftsdiagnostische Untersunchun- gen an Skeletten. Wiss Zeitschrift d. Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, 1969b.

Unzeitigova K.W. Morfologicke znaky na postkranialnim skeletu z pohrebiste Josefov. Diplomova Prace, Universita Karlova, Praha, 2000.

Usher B.M., Allen K.L. Identifying kinship clusters: SatS- can for genetic spatial analysis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Supp., 2005, 40, pp. 210-220.

Usher B.M. Anabaptist cemetery spatial organization reflects patrilocal household structure and endogamous corporate groups: A model for prehistory. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, 2005.

Vach W., Alt K.W. Statistiche Analyse der horizontalstrati- graphischen Verteilung eines odontologischen (epigenetischen) Merkmals. Fundberichte aus Baden-Wurttenmberg, 1990, 15, pp. 300-340.

Vach W., Alt K.W. Detection of kinship structures in prehistoric burial sites based on odontological traits. In Andresen J., Madsen T., Scollar I., editors. Computing the past. Oxford: Alden Press, 1993, pp. 287-21.

Veleminsky P., Dobiskova M. Demografie a zakladni antropologicka´ charakteristika pravekych pohrebist’ v Praze 5. Jinonicıch. Archaeol. Pragensia, 1998, 14, pp. 229–271

Veleminsky P., Dobiskova M. Morphological likeness of the skeletal remains in a central European family from 17th to 19th century. Homo, 2005, 56, pp. 173-196

Vlcek E. Biologie und Genetik der altesten Premysliden. Sbor. Narod. Muzea, 1987, 43B (2-4), pp. 109-117.

Vlcek E. Nejstarsi Premyslovci. Vesmir, Praha, 1997.

Vlcek E. Cesti Kralove I. Vesmir, Praha, 2000a.

Vlcek E. Cesti Kralove II. Vesmir, Praha, 2000b.

Wiltschke-Schrotta K. Das friihbronzezeitliche Graberfeld von Franzhausen I: analyse der morphologischen Merkmale mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der epigenetischen varianten. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universitat Wien, Wien, 1988.

Zhongpei Z. Studies on the Shijia village tombs. Kao Gu Xue Bao, 1981, 2, pp. 147-164.

Zhongpei Z. The social structure reflected in the Yuanjun- miao cemetery. J. Anthropol. Archaeol., 1985, 4, pp. 19–33.