Introduction. The paper explores the dietary system of a Nogai group from kurgan 3 at the Sukhaya Termista II in the Rostov region, typical nomads who lived in the Sal river basin at the end of the 16th–early 17th centuries. The analysis of the δ13С and δ15N values of bone collagen helped gain a better understanding of possible components of their dietary system and provided the basis for comparing the results obtained and historical and ethnographic data and the data of geochemical analysis.
Materials and methods. This study intends to analyze written records on dietary preferences of nomadic medieval populations left by travelers in the 13th–19th centuries. The study included the analyses of the funerary rite and demographic characteristics as well as the δ13С and δ15N values of bone tissue collagen. To assess the contribution of the dietary intake components from various trophic levels, we used the δ13С and δ15N data on the plants and animals from the medieval period, cereal crops from the Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age and the 19th century as well as modern fish. To verify the studied dietary system, a comparative analysis using isotopic data obtained for individuals from the graves dating to the Mongol Empire period of the 13th–early 14th centuries as well as the populations of China who lived in the Huang He river basin (the Yangshao culture) in the Bronze Age and for whom millet was a staple food was conducted.
Results and discussion. The analysis of the stable nitrogen and carbon isotope composition shows that Nogai infants were breastfed; the dietary components of adult males and females and some children was the same. The comparison of isotopic composition of the core group of the individuals with that of various dietary components reveals that the local Nogais did not consume millet. The comparison with the reference dataset enabled us to determine substantial inter-group differences in the stable nitrogen and carbon isotope composition of the bone tissue of the Nogais and the Mongol elite of the 13th–14th centuries as well as the Yangshao population of the Bronze Age.
Introduction. Anatomical anthropology is a field of study that emerged in the last third of the 19th century to study the variability of human organ structure, considering body type and racial, ethnic, and social affiliation.
The purpose of this study was to review the history of the development of anatomical anthropology with a focus on the stages that led to the formation of the concept of typical and variant anatomy.
Materials and methods. This paper presents an essay on the development of anatomical anthropology. Publications from 1857 to 2024 were reviewed. To assess the place occupied by studies of bone structures, internal organs, and physique in modern Russian journals of anatomical profile, an analysis of 654 articles for 2019-24 was conducted.
Results and discussion. In the early stages of the formation of anthropology as a natural science direction (1860-70s), its connections with normal anatomy were strong. At that time, when studying the variability of the structure of organs and systems in different groups of people, the terms "anatomical anthropology" and "soft tissue anthropology" were adopted.
As sciences evolved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the variability of the structure of soft tissues became primarily a subject of study for medical anatomists, and anthropology departments were organizationally removed from the medical faculties of universities. Anatomical anthropology has found its place in medical morphology research. The works of V.N. Shevkunenko made it possible to move from the previous unsystematic accumulation of data on the variability of morphological structures to their systematization and analysis based on a single concept of typical and variant anatomy. This direction has been preserved and developed in medical universities in Russia.
Introduction. The study of emotional facial expressions is currently gaining momentum, attracting researchers from diverse scientific disciplines. We suppose that this surge in interest can be attributed, in part, to the rapid advancement of digital technologies, particularly artificial neural networks, which are increasingly capable of recognizing and encoding facial expressions. The power of these technologies to analyze faces and emotional states is widely discussed in the media and popular culture, prompting scientists to approach the topic with both responsibility and maximum caution in judgements.
Results. Important to mention immediately, that in the modern literature on the anatomy of facial expression, there is no consensus on the number and composition of muscles involved in the expression of emotions on the human face. Different authors indicate a different number of muscles involved in emotional facial expressions. Such discrepancies may cause significant confusion, especially for researchers who are not specialists in human anatomy. This article presents an analytical review based on anatomical sources and the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), a leading anatomically validated technique for recognizing and classifying facial expressions. Alongside the anatomy of the muscular system, we explore the characteristics of the related neural structures. To provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of facial communication, we delve into the history of its study and present an evolutionary journey tracing the development of the human face, the emergence, and evolution of facial expressions in phylogeny.
Introduction. In 2023, the 140th anniversary of Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin was celebrated. Anuchin's scientific and pedagogical activities are inextricably linked with Moscow University. This article is devoted to the life and scientific activity of this outstanding Russian scientist.
Materials and Methods. Literary sources were used. Analytical and chronological research methods were applied in the study.
Results and Discussion. The material of the article is presented in sections: “Work in OLEAE[1]”, “Scientific Activity”, “Pedagogical Activity”, “Educational Activity” and “Organizational Activity”. Anuchin has made significant contributions to anthropology, ethnology, geography and archaeology, and has written more than 600 scientific papers, including reviews and overviews. He actively participated in the work of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (OLEAE), he
held the positions of secretary and president in different years. His reports were important sources of information, especially concerning Japan in the context of the Russian-Japanese war. As a teacher, Anuchin founded the Departments of Anthropology and Geography at Moscow University and developed new training courses. This contributed to the reform of the teaching of geography and anthropology in Russia. Anuchin's educational activities were expressed not only in publishing articles in popular publications, but also in financing the opening of libraries in his parents' native villages. These libraries have become cultural centers for local residents. Anuchin organized the creation of new scientific journals: "Earth Science" and «Russian Anthropological Journal». He also created an Anthropological and Geographical Museum in Moscow. After the October Revolution, he continued his active work in scientific communities, and initiated the creation of the Institute of Anthropology and the Institute of Geography.
