Articles

Introduction. The differences between bioimpedance instruments, electrodes, measurement techniques, and data processing algorithms raise questions about the consistency of bioimpedance data and body composition estimates. This study aims to compare the results of measurements taken with various bioimpedance devices and electrode types, including those used in Russian health centers.

Material and methods. Bioimpedance measurements were conducted on 20 adult volunteers, 10 women and 10 men, aged between 21 and 54 years. Four instruments were used in the study: ABC-01 "Medas" (SRC Medas, Moscow), Diamant-AIST (Diamant LLC, St. Petersburg), the prototype bioimpedance analyzer as part of the "Zdorovye-Express" hardware and software system with EK6C-03-"CARDi2/4" cardio amplifier (Medical Computer Systems LLC, Moscow, Zelenograd) and Tanita MC-780MA (Tanita, Japan). Eight types of disposable electrodes were used with the ABC-01 "Medas" instrument: Ambu White Sensor 0415M (Ambu, Denmark), Bianostic AT (Data Input, Germany), Eurotrode PFR2034 (Pirrone srl, Italy), F9049 / RU2234 TAB (FIAB, Italy), Schiller Biotabs 23x34 mm (Schiller, Switzerland), Skintact RT-34 (Leonhard Lang GmbH, Austria), TopTrace MedTab (Ceracarta, Italy), and 2100 Swaro-tab (Tyrolmed, Austria). Two types of reusable electrodes, manufactured by Diamant LLC and Medical Computer Systems (MCS) LLC, were used with the Diamant-AIST and Zdorovye-Express instruments. Electric properties of the bioadhesive electrodes were assessed using a sandwich test. A comparison of the data obtained from volunteers using different bioimpedance instruments and electrodes was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired observations, as well as one-way analysis of variance, with a significance level set at p=0.05.

Results and discussion. Our study showed the presence of significant inter-instrument differences in bioelectrical parameters and body composition estimates. The maximum difference in the average value of fat-free mass and body fat between the ABC-01 "Medas", Diamant-AIST and Tanita MC-780MA instruments was 2.8 kg for men and 2.2 kg for women, whereas for the percentage body fat it was 3.9% for men and 3.7% for women. There were also significant deviations in body composition estimates obtained with the Zdorovye-Express analyzer compared to estimates from the other instruments. The BIA measurements data using the ABC-01 "Medas" instrument and the types of disposable bioadhesive electrodes commonly used in Russian Health Centers were in good agreement, despite the wide variation in electrical properties of the electrodes (their intrinsic impedance ranged from 96.8 ohm for 2100 Swaro-tab to 694.3 ohm for Eurotrode PFR2034). However, compared to the reference Bianostic AT electrodes, which had an intrinsic impedance of 18.9 ohm, the subgroups of women and men showed an average overestimation of 0.15 degrees in phase angle, while the subgroup of men also showed an overestimation in fat-free mass and an underestimation in fat mass, averaging between 0.3 and 0.4 kilograms. When comparing the reusable electrodes from Diamant LLC and MCS LLC, there were no significant differences in the bioelectrical parameters or body composition estimates in the study group.

Conclusion. To directly compare the results of measurements from different BIA instruments, their preliminary mutual calibration is necessary. The bioimpedance data obtained in Russian Health Centers using the ABC-01 "Medas" instrument and the specified types of disposable bioadhesive electrodes can be combined and analyzed together subject to the measurement procedure being followed. The reusable electrodes for bioimpedance measurements produced by Diamant LLC and Medical Computer Systems LLC are effectively interchangeable.

Funding. The study was performed at the Federal State Budgetary Institution "RIH" (“Russian research Institute of Health”) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation project No. 20-15-00386 (directed by V.I. Starodubov).

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of Lomonosov Moscow State University (Godina E.Z., Zadorozhnaya L.V., Khomyakova I.A., Permiakova E.Yu.)The authors would like to thank the management and staff of Medical Computer Systems LLC (Zelenograd), and personally I.S. Reshetnikov and D.A. Prilutsky, for their help in organizing and conducting the study.

Introduction. Sex determination of individuals fr om postcranial skeletal bones is a significant task in paleoanthropology and forensic medicine, particularly when skull and pelvic bones are fragmented or absent. The traditional osteometric approach, based on sexual dimorphism in size characteristics, requires consideration of population specificity and is continuously being refined. The aim of this review is to systematize and analyze modern methods for sex determination based on osteometric data from postcranial skeletal bones.

Materials and Methods. This review analyzes contemporary scientific publications dedicated to methods of sex determination from the postcranial skeleton. Three main methodological approaches are considered: methods based on univariate statistics (analysis of individual metric traits), methods of multivariate statistics (discriminant analysis, logistic regression), as well as modern technologies, including the use of computed tomography (CT) data for 3D reconstructions and the application of machine learning algorithms (specifically, deep learning) for bone image analysis.

Results and discussion. Univariate methods retain practical value due to their simplicity of application and suitability for working with fragmented material, although their accuracy is typically lower than that of multivariate methods. Multivariate statistical models, which account for a complex of interrelated traits, ensure higher accuracy in sex determination. A key factor influencing the reliability of any method is its population specificity—applying models developed for one population to another leads to a significant reduction in accuracy. The integration of CT data and artificial intelligence methods opens new prospects for automation, increased objectivity, and the discovery of new diagnostic features.

Conclusion. Modern methods for sex determination from the postcranial skeleton constitute an evolving toolkit, wh ere traditional univariate approaches are effectively complemented by complex multivariate models and innovative technologies. To ensure high result reliability, the development and validation of population-specific standards are necessary. The future of the field is linked to the further integration of 3D visualization and machine learning methods, which will enhance the accuracy, speed, and objectivity of expert identification.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Introduction. The article discusses the possibilities of applying the index method for comparing osteological series in anthropology. It evaluates how reliable the conclusions drawn from calculated indicators are, in comparison with the analysis of original morphological traits.

Materials and methods. Two male osteological series from the necropolis at the Corpus Christi Church in Nesvizh, Belarus, were examined in this study: 1) native and disturbed burials around the church (presumably 18th century); 2) dispersed bones from under the crypt floor (presumably 17th century). Several indices were calculated based on standard osteometric measurements. The interpretation of index values was carried out using literary sources. The significance of differences between the series was assessed using Student’s t-test; the results were visualized through radar charts.

Results. The values of several indices for both series (morphological width of the scapula, robustness of the humerus, radius, femur, and ulna from the crypt series, as well as most diaphyseal cross‑sectional indices) fall within the range of variation of modern human group averages. Some indices exceed these averages (robustness of the tibiae and right clavicles in both series; robustness of the right ulna from the cemetery series). The series show statistically significant differences in the following indices: robustness of the right humeri; cross‑sectional indices at the mid‑diaphysis of both femora; indices at the upper diaphysis of both ulnae; cross‑sectional index at the mid‑diaphysis of the left tibia.

Discussion. The analysis showed that indices provide a less pronounced picture of differences compared to the original osteometric measurements. This is due to the specifics of the calculation: an index, as a percentage ratio of a smaller dimension to a larger one, can mask real morphological differences. Moreover, the lack of clear categorization schemes for many indices complicates their interpretation.

Conclusion. The index method, without taking into account the mean values of the original osteometric measurements, cannot serve as the fundamental approach for identifying similarities or differences between osteological series. The undeniable advantages of the index method are its simplicity and convenience. However, it is necessary to work on developing categorization schemes for postcranial skeletal indices using large datasets. The results of comparing the studied series using indices do not contradict the conclusions obtained from the analysis of absolute bone dimensions. The possibility of heterogeneous formation of the two parts of the necropolis is not refuted.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Introduction. The article presents the results of a study on the physical development of students in Yaroslavl, in order to identify regional peculiarities.

Materials and methods. The study for young people encompassed 661 male and 743 female participants aged 18-21. The students' body dimensions (length, weight), body perimeters (waist, hip circumferences) were measured. Physical development indices were calculated to assess body weight (ratio of body weight to square of body length), abdominal obesity (ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference), and central fat deposition (ratio of waist circumference to body length).

Results and discussion. Young men aged 18-21, in contrast to young women, are characterized by continued growth processes and an increase in total body size and trunk circumference. Among their peers from other regions of the Central Federal District, Yaroslavl young men stand out for their high height – 179.8 cm, while young women have an average of 165.9 cm. Body weight and body mass index in young men are 76.1 kg and 23.5 kg/m², and in young women – 59.9 kg and 21.8 kg/m², respectively. Body weight deficiency is observed in 19.3% of young men and 17.2% of young women. Interestingly, among Yaroslavl adolescents, body weight deficiency is more common in young men and less common in young women than in their peers from other regions. Overweight and obesity were diagnosed in 30.0% of young men and 15.2% of young women. The android type of fat deposition is typical for 17.6% of young men and 17.2% of young women. The proportion of men and women with the central type of fat deposition was 18.3% and 15.8%, respectively. The perimeters of the body in both sex groups do not significantly differ from those of their peers from other regions.

Conclusion. Based on the total body size, body parameters, and physical development indices obtained from an anthropometric survey of young people aged 18-21 in Yaroslavl, these tables can be useful for conducting social and hygienic monitoring among Yaroslavl youth.

Introduction. Malnourishment plays a substantial role in the world's mortality rates, especially among old and children. Even though malnutrition mortality among adult women dropped greatly between 1990 and 2021, maternal health is still a matter of concern. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status among adults belonging to four Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of Chhattisgarh, India, through Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) as a major indicator.

Materials and Methods. The cross-sectional survey was carried out from 2020 to 2024 in 272 adult women belonging to the Abujhmadia, Baiga, Birhor, and Hill Korwa tribes. Prior to data collection, participant consent was received with the measurement of Mid-Upper Arm Circumference at the middle of the upper arm. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA tests were used for data analysis in comparing the mean Mid-Upper Arm Circumference in different age groups.

Results. The results indicated that the Abujhmadia cluster had the greatest prevalence of undernutrition at 82.7%, followed by Hill Korwa (77.3%), Baiga (75.5%), and Birhor (60%). Important age-specific patterns in the prevalence of undernutrition were observed, especially within the 18-27 age groups.

Discussion. Mid-upper arm circumference is a valid and affordable tool for determining nutritional status in low-resource environments. It brings to light the nutritional plight of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), necessitating the implementation of specific public health interventions to tackle these problems.

Conclusion. The findings of the study highlight the need for immediate nutritional intervention programs for PVTGs in Chhattisgarh. Identification of their special nutritional needs can considerably enhance health outcomes and mitigate malnutrition in these vulnerable groups.

Acknowledgments. The authors appreciate the time taken by the female participants for participating in this study. We also appreciate the administrative help from the community workers, panchayat staff of all four communities. Authors were also thankful to University administration for their continuous motivation and promotion of research.

Introduction. Expanding and refining the gene-geographic pattern of FTO (rs9939609) is a urgent task, as A*FTO allele is associated with an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Accumulating data on FTO allele frequencies in population groups with different traditional nature management and dietary patterns is also important.

Study objective: to characterize the frequency distribution of A*FTO (rs9939609) allele in indigenous populations of northern Western Siberia.

Materials and methods. The total sample (N=171) included Northern Khanty (N=90), Sosva Mansi (N=31), and Yamal
Nenets (N=50). Genotyping of genomic DNA isolated from blood samples was performed for FTO rs9939609.

The results demonstrate similar allele and genotype frequencies across the West Siberian samples. The average frequency of *A allele in northern Western Siberian populations is 0.377. The frequencies of *A allele and AA*FTO genotype were not significantly different between individuals from different ethnic samples (Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets), p>0.05.

Discussion. The studied groups are characterized by a low carriage rate of risk variants of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism. Khanty, Mansi, and Yamal Nenets samples do not differ in the frequencies of A* allele and AA*FTO genotype and are close to those described in the Taz Nenets (Baturin et al., 2017), Kalmyks, and Mongols, although they are significantly (p<0.05) lower than in the Altaians and Russians (Bondareva et al., 2018).

Conclusion. The distribution of A*FTO allele in our samples corresponds to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while the Spearman's rank correlations between the population frequencies of FTO genotypes with the geographic latitude and climatic characteristics of the 16 Eurasian regions do not reach the significance level (p>0.2). It can be assumed that FTO rs9939609 is not involved in the high-latitude adaptation in modern populations.

The specific distribution of alleles and genotypes of FTO rs9939609 in populations of different racial groups and adaptive types requires expanding the geographic coverage and involving extensive material.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of Lomonosov Moscow State University (Vasileva A.A., Kozlov A.I., Vershubskaya G.G.) and the State assignment of Research Center for Medical Genetics.

Introduction. The formation of the definitive body height is determined by genetic and environmental factors. An urgent task is the intersystem analysis of the relationships between the secular dynamics of body height and changes in socio-economic and demographic indicators over time. A similar model of relationships was developed for changes in the body height of the Russian population in the second half of the 20th century based on time fluctuations in socio-economic and demographic indicators. The purpose of this work is to test the performance of the all-Russian model on regional materials - to analyze general trends and identify features using the example of four large Russian cities.

Materials and Methods. The materials were time series of anthropometric, socio-economic and demographic indicators from open sources. The height data used in the study were collected by the authors in 2020-2024 during a survey of young people aged 17-23 in four Russian cities: Barnaul, Moscow, Petrozavodsk and Krasnodar. Body height for demographic cohorts from 1930-39 to the early 2000s. birth was obtained from literature sources.

Results and Discussion. It is shown that the variability of height in individual cities and federal districts is similar to the all-Russian one. In the first half of the 20th century, there was a sharp increase in the definitive height, after which the rate of increase declined and then reached a plateau. For the modern cohort of those examined (born in 2000-2006), a decrease in height was noted in some large cities.

Conclusion. Testing the regression model of the all-Russian secular trend in height in connection with changes in socio-economic and demographic indicators over time using regional data showed similar results. The identified regional features may be due to the different-time dynamics of changes in socio-economic conditions. A slight decrease in height in some cities of Russia among young people born in 2000-2006 may indicate a change in the direction of the secular trend, which confirms the general biological hypothesis about the wave-like nature of the trans-epochal dynamics of definitive height.

Funding. The study has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project No.23-18-00086.

Introduction. The goal of study is analysis of correlations of age at menarche and age at peak height velocity (PHV).

Material and methods. The study is based on material of longitudinal study of Moscow schoolgirls aged 8-17 years, examined through 1960-1969. The number of participants is 141 girls, observed once a year at one and the same calendar time (spring). The program includes 3 somatic traits – height, weight, chest girth, – calculated BMI and age at menarche, fixed up to month.

Results. Age at peak height velocity (PHV) strictly precedes age at menarche. The faster is somatic growth, the lower is the age at menarche. The individual dynamics of weight increase has no such strict correspondence with the age at menarche, while dynamics of BMI increase has fluctuating random character. Correlations of peak height velocity (PHV) age with age at menarche have significant value 0,73, while correlations of PHV level are significantly less (-0,37). The level of correlations of the age at menarche with the absolute values of height and weight in one-year age groups through the interval 8-17 years is almost the same, the dynamics of correlations coincides up to the 13 years of age, further on smoothly decrease for weight, being still significant, but falls sharply for height, being insignificant at 15-17 years.

Conclusion. High correlations of age at menarche and peak height velocity (PHV) age coincide with the fact that both indicators have unified genetic regulation, according to the world literary data. The coincidence of morphological and genetic conformities allows to postulate high informativeness of morphological level of variability. Also we conclude that peak height velocity (PHV) is a strict distinct trigger of age at menarche and the important marker of biological age.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Introduction. Child overweight demonstrates a catastrophic spread across all economically developed countries of the world, despite global efforts for its prevention. The aim of this research paper was to analyze predictors of overweight, the consequences of its development, and approaches to its prevention in children.

Materials and Methods. To analyze the current state of knowledge on excess weight in children aged 3-12 years, materials from 168 literature sources from the PubMed database were used. The inclusion criteria for a source were representative samples and the availability of quantitative data for children in the age range from 3 to 12 years, characterizing one or another aspect of the problem of excess weight. The information search was conducted in the following areas: "preschool and primary school children", "overweight and/or obesity", "diet", "screen time", "sedentary lifestyle", "sleep quality", "physical (muscular) performance", "physical fitness", "physical (motor) activity", "environmental influence".

Results and discussion In Report 1, the role of low physical activity, distribution of time for different types of activity, improper diet, eating behavior, meal structure, and regularity was systematized.

Conclusion. The materials reviewed in Report 1 demonstrate the global distribution of overweight and obesity, and highlight the significant role of low physical activity in creating conditions for the development of overweight and metabolic syndrome in childhood. Even a slight reallocation of time during the day, with just a 10% increase in time spent on active movement, can alleviate the severity of the problem and prevent the development of overweight in significant segments of the child population. An improper diet, particularly the regular consumption of sweetened beverages by children, also contributes significantly to the development of overweight. Other aspects of the overweight problem in children, including the role of the environment, family, and socio-economic factors, will be discussed in Report 2.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of № 073-00070-25-03 от 29.05.2025

Introduction. This paper presents the results of a study of the skeletal remains of a child from Burial 6, Excavation 1, Pit 10 of the «Orlinoye Gnezdo» (Eagle's Nest) settlement. The archaeological complex finds parallels with materials from the Samosdelka settlement, specifically layers dating back to the 12th-13th centuries, allowing the site to be attributed to the vicinity of the city of Saksin. As a result of archaeological work at the site, the skeletal remains of 11 individuals were discovered.

Materials and methods. The study was based on the skeletal remains of a 1,5-4 - year-old child from Burial 6, Excavation 1, Pit 10, which can only conditionally be dated back to the first half of the 14th century.

The anthropological material was analyzed using a standard protocol for assessing pathological conditions (Buzhilova, 1995, 1998). The description of the defects on the child's skull bones employed the terminology and recommendations for the study of skeletal remains proposed by specialists in forensic medical examination (Vlasyuk, 2012; Odinochkina, 2016). The child’s age was determined based on dental development and the length of diaphyses of the postcranial long bones (Ubelaker, 1978; Cardoso et al., 2014; Kufterin, 2024). Radiographic examination of the skeletal remains was conducted using the KRD-50/7 Helpic-Renex diagnostic X-ray system.

Results and discussion. The archaeological context suggests that Pit 10, located in squares 26, 27, 34, and 35 at the level of Situation 2 in Excavation 1 within the boundaries of Pit 10, was a refuse pit into which the child’s body was discarded.

Anthropological examination of the child’s skeletal remains revealed several pathological conditions: signs of porosity on the alveolar margins of the upper and lower jaws, the hard palate, and the lateral surfaces of the tibial diaphyses. The orbital roofs exhibit traces of cribra orbitalia. Light-colored dental calculus deposits were observed on the deciduous teeth. The defects located on the right and left supraorbital margins of the frontal bone and on the right greater wing of the sphenoid bone from the endocranial side are of particular interest.

Conclusion. The incisions identified on the child's frontal bone and on the right greater wing of the sphenoid bone occurred after the individual’s death. The defects discovered on the cranial vault bones are most likely the result of destructive bites from small rodents.

Funding. The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-28-00772 «Anthropological Study of Polyethnic Medieval Societies in the Lower Volga Region».

Introduction. Cremated skeletal remains are characterized by a high degree of fragmentation, which occurs both due to physical processes in the bone tissue and due to the actions of people who cremate the corpse. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the type of bone tissue, the degree of bone fragmentation, and the degree of burning of the organic component during cremation on a pyre.

Materials and methods. The materials (178 observations of the contents of fire pits) were obtained during the Russian-Indian anthropological expedition of the Paleoethnological Research Center and the State Biology Museum in 2018, 2019 and 2022. Observations were conducted in the city of Agra on the territory of the Tajganj cremation center. The duration of complete incineration of soft tissues was recorded, as well as the body size and the somatotype, using three-point assessment scales. In addition, the composition and condition of the cremated skeletal elements were described. Statistical tests for assessing the significance of differences were used to compare samples of spongy and compact bone tissue.

Results and discussion. The spongy bone of the vertebrae, sacrum and pelvis demonstrates a greater degree of destruction than the spongy bone of the femoral and tibial epiphyses. This is probably due to consequence of microstructural differences in the structure of spongy bones. The ochre color is more often observed in the spongy bone, and gray color – in the compact, which is explained by a larger proportion (and, accordingly, a lower degree of burnout) of organic matter in the spongy bone compared to the compact. A significant frequency of black color was recorded on the compact tissue of the long bone diaphyses, which is associated with the combustion of bone marrow under conditions of oxygen deficiency.

Conclusion. The duration and intensity of the flames of funeral pyres may not be sufficient to completely burn out the organic component of the bone. Significant fragmentation of skeletal remains can be achieved without intensive mechanical action. The degree of fragmentation of skeletal elements is not affected by the type of funeral pyre, the size and somatotype of the body, or the sex or age of the deceased.

Introduction. The purpose of the work: to publish new information from the biography of sculptor and artist Ivan Illarionovich Sevryugin and genealogical data about his family; as well as for the first time to present new information about masks, busts and dummies made by I.I. Sevryugin for the First Anthropological Exhibition and stored in the Museum of Anthropology of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Materials and methods. The article is based on the archival documents of the Central State Archive of the city of Moscow (metric books, confessional sheets, audit tales, population census materials); materials from the scientific archive of the Moscow State University Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology (the Museum's Book of Acquisitions, collection inventories), as well as periodicals of the XIX century and other open sources. Historiographical, chronological and analytical research methods were used in the work.

Results and discussion. Based on the studied archival materials, it was possible to clarify the following information from the biography of I.I. Sevryugin. Ivan Illarionovich Sevryugin was born on August 2, 1838 in the family of Moscow workshop worker Illarion Illarionovich Sevryugin and his wife Anna Gerasimovna. Seven children were born in the family, but according to the data we found, three of them died in childhood. Ivan Illarionovich was married to the daughter of the priest of the village of Antonchikova, Kashirsky district, Tula region, Savva Leontievich Troitsky, Anna Savvishna Troitskaya, born in 1845. They had four children: Gregory, Alexander, Philip and Ivan. Alexander and Philip died as children. I.I. Sevryugina was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery.

A brief description is given of the sculptural works of I.I. Sevryugin preserved in the collection of the Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University: masks, busts and dummies, which were created for the Anthropological Exhibition in Moscow (1879) and were exhibited in the Exhibition halls to show the general public the ethnic diversity of the world's population.

Conclusion. Biographical information about Ivan Illarionovich Sevryugin himself, as well as about his close relatives (surnames, first names, dates of life), was supplemented; the burial place of members of the Sevryugin family was established. Masks, busts and dummies created by I.I. Sevryugin, which are kept in the sculptural fund of the photo-illustrative department of the Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University, are material evidence of the history of the development of anthropology in the country. According to the members of the Committee of the Anthropological Exhibition, I.I. Sevryugin was able to express scientific ideas in an artistic form about the ethnic diversity of the population of Russia and other countries.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Introduction. Skulls from the medieval necropolis Shulluktepa (Nesef, XI-XII centuries) were previously studied using 2D geometric morphometrics. Based on the analysis of the sagittal contour, two types of artificial cranial deformation were identified. These types could be associated with different populations gathering in this urban center of Southern Sogdiana. We observed that samples with different types of deformation could be clearly distinguished, while undeformed skulls differ from slightly deformed insignificantly. 3D models and the landmark’s placement algorithm we have developed allow us to utilize these materials again.

Materials and methods. 3D models of skulls from Shulluktepa (MAE No. 7275) were studied using geometric morphometrics. The sample included 44 male and 42 female skulls. The types of deformation were analyzed through processing the landmark’s coordinates within a triangular patch between craniometric points (bregma, left and right asterions). The surface of this patch was automatically filled with semilandmarks. The comparison was carried out using generalized Procrustes analysis, Principal component analysis and canonical analysis realized in R-Studio.

Results and discussion. Based on the analysis results artificially deformed skulls were divided into two types of cranial deformation — parietal and occipital. 3D methods, unlike 2D, allowed us to identify undeformed skulls. There are no differences between males and females in case of parietal deformation, but occipital deformation is more pronounced in males. Comparison of the viscerocranium and neurocranium variability confirmed their independence. There is no influence of interpopulation differences on the results of the neurocrania shape study.

Conclusion. The presence of two types of artificial cranial deformation in the group was proved. It was shown that a triangular patch is more advantageous for the study of artificial deformation than analysis of 2D sagittal contours. Results of the comparison of viscerocranium and neurocranium variability can be used to verify the possible influence of interpopulation differences.

Funding. The research was carried out with the support of grant Russian Scientific Found No. 25-28-01027 "Artificial deformation of the human skull in ancient and near-modern populations: a study by methods of two-dimensional and three- dimensional geometric morphometry”.

Introduction. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a computational approach used to explore complex social and cultural processes by simulating the behaviors of individual agents–people or groups–within a defined environment. By incorporating individual variation, agent interactions, and responses to environmental conditions, ABM is particularly valuable for reconstructing past patterns of migration, settlement, and the evolution of social institutions. Although widely adopted in international archaeology and anthropology, ABM remains underutilized in Russian research contexts.

Materials and methods. This review is based on academic publications available in open sources and identified through specialized search platforms such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar. From over 70 initial records, 25 studies were selected that met the criteria of model reproducibility and interdisciplinary integration of archaeological, genetic, and climatic data.

Results. ABM has been applied to a wide range of prehistoric scenarios, including the Out-of-Africa dispersal of Homo sapiens, the Neolithic expansion, Eurasian population movements, interactions between migrants and indigenous groups, and the cultural evolution of language and institutions. These models highlight the roles of climate, population density, and social norms in shaping human behavior and long-term dynamics.

Discussion. Despite its strengths, ABM faces several challenges, including sensitivity to parameter choices, limited reproducibility, and simplified representations of culture. Advancing the method requires better integration of biological, social, and cultural dimensions, along with open access to model code and data for transparency and replication.

Conclusion. ABM represents an emerging research paradigm that links micro-level agent behavior with macro-level processes of social, demographic, and cultural evolution. It offers a powerful interdisciplinary framework for exploring human prehistory and alternative trajectories of societal development.

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted under the state assignment of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Introduction. The article is dedicated to a comprehensive study of a male mummy from the Egyptological collection of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Materials and methods. The mummy of a male stripped of its funerary bandages and shrouds, was donated by Professor A.I. Babukhin in 1876 to D.N. Anuchin, the museum’s founder. Since 2016, the mummy has been the object of detailed studies conducted by the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov MSU. The study employed the methodologies of diverse scientific disciplines: anthropological study based on computer tomography data, textile analysis, radiocarbon dating, gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry studies, archeopalynological investigation etc.

Results and discussion. A facial reconstruction and a craniological and osteological description of the mummy were produced using computed tomography (CT) data. The interdisciplinary studies have revealed the specific features of the mummification method, which was characteristic of the Late New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period, but also continued in later periods. The chromatographic analysis of the skin samples revealed a complex mix of embalming agents, one of which was pine resin. This is consistent with data obtained by spore-pollen analysis. The technological characteristics of the burial textiles preserved on the mummy were also studied. The age of the mummy could be determined through radiocarbon dating as 3,080 ± 35 BP (2σ 1426–1259 cal BC), indicating that the individual in question lived during the Eighteenth – first half of the Nineteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom.

Funding. his article was written with the support of the Lomonosov MSU Program of Development. Project No 23 Sch 02-22 "Hystory, anthropology and ethnology of the North-Eastern Africa in context of Ecological Changes during last 13 millenia. Interdisciplinary Research" Archeopalynological investigations were carried out within the framework of the issue Scientific Research Work of the Institute of Archaeology RAS “Interdisciplinary Approaches to Studying the Formation and Development of Ancient and Medieval Anthropogenic Ecosystems” (No. of R&D 122011200264-9). The textile studies were carried out within the framework of RSF grant ‘A comprehensive study of archaeological textile and pottery using natural science techniques, based on the findings of the Nubian expedition conducted by Moscow State University’ (№ 25-28-01025)